{"id":2155,"date":"2022-06-15T21:49:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T19:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neu.kontextlab.com\/?p=2155"},"modified":"2022-07-08T21:54:00","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T19:54:00","slug":"how-we-understand-the-world-through-applied-ontology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/en\/how-we-understand-the-world-through-applied-ontology\/","title":{"rendered":"How we understand the world through (applied) ontology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>What do \u2018the science of being\u2019, computer science and creating mappings have in common? At first sight, these three might seem hard to connect. However, the philosophical concept of ontology reaches far and wide. What is that, and how do we apply it to our lives?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Capitalized Ontology<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In the world of philosophy, ontology (or \u2018Ontology, as we will call it from now on) is the study of existence. What is reality? And how do entities exist \u2013 do they have so-called ontological dependence? Can we divide them into categories?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This \u2018science of being\u2019 has been around for centuries. In the first millennium BC, for instanstance, the concept was part of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. This stream sees the universe as two different realities, independent from each other: \u2018pure, contentless consciousness\u2019 and \u2018matter\u2019. While the mind is part of the latter, this too exists of different aspects (the sense mind, the intellect and the ego). Other Ontological schools also existed in this time, such as the Yoga school and the Advaita Vedanta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A bit closer to the modern western world, the ancient Greeks too loved to discuss Ontology. Parmenides (born in 515 BC) was among the first to discuss the topic. Approximately a century later, Plato philosophized about the distinction between true reality and illusions. According to him, real are the eternal and unchanging forms or ideas, while things experienced in sensation are just copies of that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle, another few decades later, continued the Ontological philosophy by identifying dimensions of being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The various categories or ways of addressing a being as such<\/li><li>Truth or falsity, such as counterfeit money<\/li><li>Whether something exists of itself or \u2018comes along\u2019 by accident<\/li><li>The potency, energy or finished presence<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ontology closely related to a question posed first by Aristotle: what do all entities have in common? Different streams of Ontologists have different answers to this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/49534775153_ce2b209d62_o-1024x768-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/49534775153_ce2b209d62_o-1024x768-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/49534775153_ce2b209d62_o-1024x768-1-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/49534775153_ce2b209d62_o-1024x768-1-768x576.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/flyingpuffin\/49534775153\/in\/photolist-2itdETt-DUpkBd-DDbpxo-5HFuj-HJCzVC-Jf5vj3-JxX2b6-JvN1E7-JBLwfw-Rjh4s4-R8E5HZ-PRbxtA-QUme9G-A4CTof-9cqH3H-gmRmE-4pzU4H-4pzPQt-4pDT2s-4pzRZR-NJV2pp-hLkEjQ-fdkTi-hLmaZm-6bpyh5-ambBhP-ameiUE-ambtQn-amevkQ-ambynH-ameyN9-ambtFP-amewZ3-5mUTgU-ambFQ8-ambEjR-ambCQi-7VY4AM-4pDUPu-4pzSuF-4pzTG2-4pzRDV-4pzPAz-4pzThF-4pDVwA-4pzQxK-4pDV4J-4pDRaL-4pzNH8-4pDWBJ\">Source<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Those who call themselves Ontologists often aim to create categories or \u2018highest kinds\u2019, and how these categories can together form a system. But how do we create such categories? Ontology focuses, among others, on the differences between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Abstractness and concreteness: the concrete includes plants, human beings and planets while things like numbers, sets and propositions are, on the other hand, abstract.<\/li><li>Particularity and Universality: various particulars might together be universal. For instance: a sunflower and a banana both fit into the universal \u2018yellowness\u2019.<\/li><li>Possibility and necessity: focusing on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modal_logic\">modal logic<\/a>. Usually, this involves the idea of possible worlds, meaning a way in how things \u2018could have been\u2019. A proposition is possibly true if there is at least one possible world in which it would be true, while it is necessarily true if it would be true in all possible worlds.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The plural, non-capitalized ontologies<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Quite philosophical, that much is clear. Now, let\u2019s have a look at how we could incorporate Ontology into a day-to-day life with applied ontology. Applied ontology can be used in many different fields, such as medicine, geography and management.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cIn information science, an ontology refers to an engineering artifact, constituted by a specific vocabulary used to describe a certain reality. The most common meaning of ontology is a theory that explains a domain.\u201d<\/p><cite>Frederico Fonseca\u2019s description of \u2018ontologies\u2019 (2007).<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In a larger sense, it belongs to Information Sciences. The non-capitalized concept of \u2018ontologies\u2019, focuses on the definition of categories and relations between concepts, data and entities: how are different aspects of one topic related to each other? In its most basic form, it\u2019s a way to organize information. In that way, it\u2019s similar to its philosophical source of inspiration. Both attempt to represent entities and all of their facets in a system of categories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In particular, computer science is linked to applied ontology. In fields like natural language processing (machine translation) as well as knowledge representation, the creation of ontologies can be a great outcome to organize information in a helpful way. This is done by creating so-called \u2018controlled vocabularies\u2019. These are comparable to indexes or thesauruses on specific topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a research paper for Pennsylvania State University, Frederico Fonseca makes it clear that ontologies in ontology-driven information systems can be used at several moments: development time (helping designers to \u2018practice a higher level of knowledge reuse than is usually the case in software engineering\u2019) and run time (to improve \u2018 the communication between software agents or be used to support information integration\u2019).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Capturing common sense<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>So what should we think of when we think of \u2018ontologies\u2019? Take for instance <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyc\">Cyc<\/a>, a long-term artificial intelligence project started in 1984 that wants to assemble an ontology as wide as the workings of the world. It hopes to capture common sense knowledge. Cyc has been used in hundreds of different ways, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Helping students learn math by getting a more deep understanding of matters (MathCraft)<\/li><li>Creating a dataset of terrorism, ranging from groups and ideologies to behaviors and terroristic events (Terrorism Knowledge Base)<\/li><li>Integrating thesauri from pharmaceutical-industry terms (done by British multinational pharmaceutical company Glaxo)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-4856\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/A-small-portion-of-the-OpenCyc-ontology-An-arrow-ab-indicates-genls-a-b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/A-small-portion-of-the-OpenCyc-ontology-An-arrow-ab-indicates-genls-a-b.png 850w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/A-small-portion-of-the-OpenCyc-ontology-An-arrow-ab-indicates-genls-a-b-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/A-small-portion-of-the-OpenCyc-ontology-An-arrow-ab-indicates-genls-a-b-768x379.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><figcaption><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of an ontology from Cyc. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/A-small-portion-of-the-OpenCyc-ontology-An-arrow-ab-indicates-genls-a-b_fig2_278001868\">Source<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ontologizing our ideas<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>By now, you\u2019ve probably gotten some inspiration already as to how you could use information science ontologies and the philosophical Ontology to organize your world. By creating ontologies, other humans can understand our thinking better.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ontologizing your ideas can be enormously helpful to create an overview of large chunks of information on a topic that you would like to put together.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Schermafbeelding-2022-05-31-om-13.10.44-1024x498-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Schermafbeelding-2022-05-31-om-13.10.44-1024x498-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Schermafbeelding-2022-05-31-om-13.10.44-1024x498-1-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Schermafbeelding-2022-05-31-om-13.10.44-1024x498-1-768x374.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Take our <a href=\"https:\/\/map.sciencemediahub.eu\/5g\">5G technology<\/a> mapping, for instance! In a way, it is an ontology of a massive topic, ranging from aspects such as impacts on the economy to the technical background of the telecommunication norm.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no one correct methodology for developing ontologies. In fact, as we\u2019ve mentioned before, there\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/en\/mapping-differences\/\">tons of ways<\/a> in which you can organize your information. However, there are some helpful steps to consider when you\u2019re shaping your idea into form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Determine the domain and scope of it before you start detailing.<\/li><li>Figure out: what\u2019s your purpose for creating this ontology?<\/li><li>Establish your sources. Perhaps, there are even other, already existing ontologies that you could use in the process of creating your own.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Common ground<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2018The science of being\u2019, computer science and creating mappings do actually have a common ground, as has become clear in this post. The philosophy of Ontology, and it\u2019s applied version of ontologies, is useful to always keep in the back of your mind when you yourself are structuring a topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.innoplexus.com\/blog\/do-you-know-what-ontology-is\/\">https:\/\/www.innoplexus.com\/blog\/do-you-know-what-ontology-is\/<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ontology\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ontology<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_ontology\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_ontology<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ontology_(information_science)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ontology_(information_science)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mba.eci.ufmg.br\/downloads\/pos\/OntologyDoubleRole-Fonseca.pdf\">https:\/\/mba.eci.ufmg.br\/downloads\/pos\/OntologyDoubleRole-Fonseca.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyc\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/analytics-vidhya\/ontologies-in-detail-2916f9226133\">https:\/\/medium.com\/analytics-vidhya\/ontologies-in-detail-2916f9226133<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Header image:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@pawel_czerwinski\">Pawel Czerwinski<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What do \u2018the science of being\u2019, computer science and creating mappings have in common? At first sight, these three might seem hard to connect. However, the philosophical concept of ontology reaches far and wide. What is that, and how do we apply it to our lives<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2171,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[422,423,424,425,336,337,426,427,346],"class_list":["post-2155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-applied-ontology","tag-aristotle","tag-cyc","tag-frederico-fonseca","tag-information-2","tag-knowledge-2","tag-ontologies","tag-ontology","tag-thinking-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How we understand the world through (applied) ontology - Kontextlab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kontextlab.com\/en\/how-we-understand-the-world-through-applied-ontology\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How we understand the world through (applied) ontology - Kontextlab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What do \u2018the science of being\u2019, computer science and creating mappings have in common? 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